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Disability and Disasters - annotated list of published and unpublished material

Page last updated: 3rd November 2008.

PRACTICAL GUIDANCE & RESOURCES

American Red Cross, Disaster Preparedness for People with Disabilities (Washington DC: American Red Cross, 1997) 48pp
This practical and very readable booklet is based on American Red Cross experience and consultations with disabled people's organisations. It gives guidance to disabled people and those who live with or support them on how to help those with physical, visual, auditory or cognitive disabilities to prepare for natural disasters. It covers understanding of the potential impact of disasters on disabled people in particular, setting up personal support networks, making the home and office safer, and other elements of disaster planning and preparation.
Download at www.redcross.org/services/disaster/beprepared/disability.pdf

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Guide for Local Governments (Washington DC: US Department of Justice, Americans with Disabilities Act web page, undated - accessed Sept 06) 11pp.
Brief guidelines to help local government planners, first responders, and emergency staff prepare for and meet the unique needs of people with disabilities during natural and civil emergencies. The guide identifies potential problems in notifying, evacuating, transporting, sheltering, and providing information to people with disabilities during emergencies and offers solutions for preventing or minimizing those problems.
http://www.ada.gov/emergencyprep.htm

Batiste LC, Loy B, Employers' Guide to Including Employees with Disabilities in Emergency Evacuation Plans (US Dept of Labor Job Accommodation Network, n.d.) Short guidance setting out steps to be taken by employers and issues to be addressed. Includes a checklist and resource list.
www.jan.wvu.edu/media/emergency.html

City of New York, Ready New York: For Seniors & People with Disabilities (New York: Office of Emergency Management, Department for the Aging, Mayor's Office for People with Disabilities, 2005) 20pp.
This booklet gives practical advice on disaster preparedness and what to do during an evacuation, with information or contact details for relevant local organisations.
Download at www.nyc.gov/html/oem/pdf/seniors_disabilities_english.pdf

Department of Homeland Security, ‘Disability Preparedness Resource Center’ (Washington DC: US Department of Homeland Security, accessed 12/05)
US government web portal containing practical information on emergency preparedness and response for disabled people, emergency planners, first responders and service providers.
www.dhs.gov/disabilitypreparedness

Department of Transportation (USA) 2003, Emergency Preparedness Guidelines for People with Disabilities. 16pp.
Guidance on planning for the needs of the disabled before and during emergencies.
Download from www.nod.org/Resources/emergency/dot_guidelines.pdf and www.nod.org/Resources/emergency/dot_guidelines.doc

DP2 – Disabled People and Disaster Planning
Concise, highly practical guidance on supporting disabled people to prepare for and cope with disasters (site last visited 22/3/06):
- ‘Prepare for what will happen’ http://www.citycent.com/dp2/prepare.htm
- ‘Shelter managers should know’ http://www.citycent.com/dp2/shelmngr.htm
- ‘Training rescue workers’ http://www.citycent.com/dp2/rescue.htm
- ‘Evacuating wheelchair users’ http://www.citycent.com/dp2/wheelchair.htm
- ‘Communications after a disaster’ http://www.citycent.com/dp2/communications.htm
- ‘Managing shelters’ http://www.citycent.com/dp2/shelters.htm
- ‘Points of service (food, water, financial aid, etc.)’ http://www.citycent.com/dp2/service.htm

FEMA, Assisting People with Disabilities in a Disaster (Washington DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2004) 1p.
Online introduction and checklist of key points to note in identifying disabled people who may need assistance and planning for their protection during emergencies. www.fema.gov/rrr/assistf.shtm

Glenn J 2005, ‘Invisible Infirmities’
Short, practical guidance note by a business continuity consultant on assisting disabled people to evacuate business premises during emergencies.
Download from http://johnglenncrp.0catch.com/InvisibleInfirmities.html

Kailes JI 2002, Emergency Evacuation Preparedness. Taking Responsibilities for your Safety: a guide for people with disabilities and other activity limitations. (Pomona: Center for Disability Issues and the Health Professions). 44pp.
Detailed guidance on all aspects of evacuation preparedness including planning, emergency drills, evaluating needs, establishing personal support networks, and determining and prioritising evacuation options. Aimed principally at disabled people but also at disaster managers.
Download from http://www.cdihp.org/products.html#evac_guide

National Center on Emergency Preparedness for People with Disabilities (NCEPPD), Emergency Preparedness on the Job for People with Disabilities
(Washington DC: NCEPPD, undated) 1p
Short guidance to disabled people on how to work with employers to protect themselves in the workplace.
www.disabilitypreparedness.com/Job%20Guidelines.doc

National Organization on Disability, Guide on the special needs of people with disabilities for emergency managers, planners and responders (Washington DC: National Organization on Disability, Emergency Preparedness Initiative, rev. edition 2005) 33pp
This guide aims to raise emergency managers’ awareness about disabled people’s problems and needs, and on ways of addressing these. It begins with lessons from previous events and research, then discusses approaches to creating effective partnerships with disabled people in disaster planning – this is the main part of the guide – before considering specific aspects of evacuation planning and recovery. There is also an extensive resource list.
Download guide (pdf 166kb) (also available online at www.nod.org/resources/PDFs/epiguide2005.pdf)

National Organization on Disability, Prepare Yourself: Disaster Readiness Tips for People with Disabilities (Washington DC: National Organization on Disability, Emergency Preparedness Initiative, 2005) 4pp.
A leaflet for disabled people, with a checklist of key points to address in being prepared for disasters.
Download leaflet (pdf 3Mb) (also available online at www.nod.org/resources/PDFs/epips1.pdf)

National Organization on Disability 2006, Interactive Map of Disability and Preparedness Resources
This tool provides an interactive directory of regional, state, and local disability-related emergency management resources in the USA. The map is a work-in-progress, and as new resources are developed and discovered they will be included.
Go to http://www.nod.org/EPIResources/interactive_map.html

Oosters, Barbara, ‘Looking with a disability lens at the disasters caused by the tsunami in South-East Asia’ (Brussels: Christoffel Blinden Mission-Christian Blind Mission, 2005) 8pp.
A short but informative and practical document making general points to assist those working with tsunami victims. It sets out the main problems or challenges facing disabled people in emergency relief and reconstruction, and, drawing on the Sphere standards, offers guidance on including them in emergency plans – in general and regarding water and sanitation, food security and nutrition, shelter and settlement, and health services.
Download document (pdf 63kb) (also available online at www.accessforall.lk/disability_and_emergency_response_tsunami.pdf)

Twigg, John, Disaster risk reduction. Mitigation and preparedness in development and emergency programming (London: Humanitarian Practice Network, Good Practice Review no.9, 2004).
Chapter 6 of this practical guide for project planners and managers looks at 'marginalised groups'. There are a few pages on disability: these cover the links between disability and vulnerability, and methods of supporting disabled people to reduce risk.
Download the book from www.odihpn.org/publist.asp

University College London (UCL) 2005
Two examples of institutional planning for emergency evacuation of people with disabilities:

US Department of Homeland Security, Ready America site, page for People with Disabilities and other Special Needs
Web page with concise practical guidance on emergency preparedness
www.ready.gov/america/getakit/disabled.html

US Department of Justice, An ADA [Americans with Disabilities Act] Guide for Local Governments: Making Community Emergency Preparedness and Response Progams Accessible to People with Disabilities (?2006) 11pp
Guidance to help local government planners, first responders, and emergency staff prepare for and meet the unique needs of people with disabilities during natural and civil emergencies. The guide identifies potential problems in notifying, evacuating, transporting, sheltering, and providing information to people with disabilities during emergencies and offers solutions for preventing or minimizing those problems.

Download document or go to http://www.ada.gov/emergencyprep.htm


U.S. Fire Administration

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, Disabilities among Refugees and Conflict-affected Populations (2008) 76pp.
Report based on field studies in five refugee situations and global desk research to map existing services, identify gaps and good practices, and make recommendations for the improvement of services, protection and participation for displaced people with disabilities. The field kit (see Practical Guidance and Resources) is based on this study.

Download document (also available online at www.womenscommission.org)

Working Conference on Emergency Management and Individuals with Disabilities and the Elderly
June 28 to June 30, 2006, Washington, D.C.
Transcripts of discussions and presentations from a conference jointly sponsored by the U.S. Departments of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Homeland Security (DHS). Its purpose was to bring together Governor-appointed State teams to connect State emergency management officials with key disability and aging experts to work toward integration of efforts within their jurisdiction's emergency management framework; to facilitate cooperative planning with senior officials of the Federal Emergency Management Agency regions; and to identify and institute measurable outcomes and systems for tracking results. The presentations and discussions covered a range of practical and policy issues.
http://www.add-em-conf.com/


RESEARCH, REPORTS & DISCUSSIONS

Blanck PD, Disaster Mitigation for Persons with Disabilities: Fostering a New Dialogue (Washington DC: The Annenberg Washington Program in Communications Policy Studies of Northwestern University, 1995) 8pp.
Identifies 7 key principles for a dialogue between the disaster and disability communities, government officials at all levels and media professionals.
Download at www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/disada

Boyce W et al. 2002, ‘Community based rehabilitation: a strategy for peace-building’. BMC International Health and Human Rights 2:6 (26pp)
This paper describes the practice and impact of peace-building through Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) strategies in the context of armed conflict. The ethical basis for peace-building through practical community initiatives is explored. A number of benefits and challenges to using CBR strategies for peace-building purposes are identified.
Download at www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/2/6

Cordeiro, Victor J and Shivaram S. Deshpande, Research Report on Disability and the Tsunami in India, Parts I & II (Woking, UK: International Disability and Development Consortium, 2005) 15pp. (Part I), 15pp. (Part II).
Two local surveys as part of the research on the impact of the December 2004 tsunami. Findings were fed into the broader study by Maria Kett et al. (also noted on this web page).
Download report: Part I Part II (also available online at www.iddc.org.uk/dis_dev/key_issues/IDDC_research_report.doc [Pt I] and www.iddc.org.uk/dis_dev/key_issues/IndiaTsunami_report.doc [Pt II])

Department of Education, Interagency Committee on Disability Research 2005, Emergency Evacuation of People with Physical Disabilities from Buildings: 2004 Conference Proceedings (Washington DC: ICDR). 72pp.
Proceedings of a 2-day conference involving 85 people: emergency managers and planners, manufacturers, disabled people and researchers. Topics discussed included the impact of building and life safety codes, current evacuation procedures and practices (from the perspective of emergency responders and disabled people), the design and development of evacuation devices, and the current state of research on various aspects of emergency evacuation. There are detailed notes of the panel discussions, together with recommendations from breakout groups which identified needs for research and other activities.
Download document (also available online at
http://www.icdr.us/documents/pwd-emergency-evac.pdf or
http://www.icdr.us/documents/pwd-emergency-evac.doc)

Department of Homeland Security, Individuals with Disabilities in Emergency Preparedness. Executive Order 13347: Annual Report July 2005 (Washington DC: US Department of Homeland Security Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, 2005). 52pp.
First annual report of the progress made by the Interagency Coordinating Council on Emergency Preparedness and Individuals with Disabilities (established by Presidential Executive Order in July 2004) on overcoming the challenges people with disabilities face in emergencies. The report is a detailed account of measures taken in a range of areas: emergency preparedness in the workplace, emergency communications and transportation, health, technical assistance and outreach, research, state and local government co-ordination, and private sector co-ordination. Conclusions and recommendations are also presented.
Download document (pdd 557kb) also available online at www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/CRCL_IWDEP_AnnualReport_2005.pdf)

Dutch Coalition on Disability and Development (DCDD) 2006, ‘Seminar on Disability in (post-) Emergency Situations’
DCDD and Enablement on 24 February 2006 organised a seminar on disability and disaster, the first of its kind held in the Netherlands. Around fifty participants from thirteen countries took part in the seminar and listened to expert speakers on the topic. A report of the seminar will not be made but background material and the texts of the presentations are available from DCDD.
Go to http://www.dcdd.nl/?2872

Eldar R, ‘The Needs of Elderly Persons in Natural Disasters: Observations and Recommendations’. Disasters 16(4) 355-8 (1992).
This is brief discussion of how disasters affect disabled people also makes some suggestions about improvements to disaster plans. There are a number of references to other studies of disasters’ impact on different social groups.

Hammitt J 1994, ‘EARTHQUAKE. Coping with the aftermath can be a disaster, too, for people with disabilities’. Mainstream (July)
Short article on experiences of disabled people in the January 1994 Northridge (California) earthquake.
Download from http://www.mainstream-mag.com/quake.htm

 HarrisInteractive, ‘Emergency Preparedness Survey’ (Washington DC: US National Organization on Disability, 2004) 39pp.
A nationwide survey in the USA to determine the degree to which emergency planning authorities took disabled people’s needs into account and included them in the planning process. It found widespread recognition that disabled people required special attention but identified a number of limitations in plans and capacities. (The report is also available at http://www.nod.org)
Download: report pdf 1.13mb tables pdf 55kb

Kailes J, Southern California Wildfires After Action Report (Access to Readiness Coalition, California Foundation for Independent Living Centers, Center for Disability Issues and the Health Professions, 2008) 153pp.
An extensive study of response and recovery with regard to people with disabilities in the 2007 California wildfires. The report makes 71 recommendations for improving disaster preparedness, response and recovery programmes to be more inclusive of people with disabilities.
Download document (also available online at www.access2readiness.org and www.jik.com/disaster.html).

Kett, Maria, Sue Stubbs and Rebecca Yeo, Disability in Conflict and Emergency Situations: Focus on Tsunami-affected areas (Woking, UK: International Disability and Development Consortium, 2005) 60pp.
A study of Sri Lanka (principally), India and Indonesia assessing the extent to which responses to the Asian tsunami of December 2004 addressed the needs of disabled people. It looks at issues of inclusion, networking and resources, finding that although the language of inclusion was widespread, in practice inclusion was very limited and did not extend to planning and decision making. A number of recommendations are made. This is a valuable study of a topic that is rarely investigated in developing-country disaster settings.
Download report (Word 1.3Mb) (also available online at www.iddc.org.uk/dis_dev/key_issues/Final_report.doc)

International Disability and Development Consortium, Disability and Conflict. Report of an IDDC Seminar May 29th-June 4th 2000 (Woking, UK: International Disability and Development Consortium, 2003) 80pp.
This report presents the discussions and conclusions of a seminar involving a range of disabled peoples’ organisations and organisations that work with them. It examined the relationship between conflict, development and disability, the roles and responsibilities of key actors, building the capacity of NGOs and disabled people’s organisations, rehabilitation, mobilising resources and influencing donors. A number of recommendations for action were made.
Download report (Word 732kb) (also available online at www.iddc.org.uk/dis_dev/key_issues/dis_confl_rep.doc)

Lathrop D 1994, ‘DISASTER. If you have a disability, the forces of nature can be meaner to you than anyone else. But you can fight back. Be prepared’. Mainstream (November)
Short but incisive article on capacities and vulnerabilities of disabled people in disasters, based on recent experiences in the USA. Includes criticism of emergency response agencies and makes suggestions, again based on experience, for improved practice.
Download from http://www.mainstream-mag.com/disaster%20prep.htm

McQuirk, David, ‘Disabled People and Emergency Planning’.
Useful, concise introductory article, submitted to Blueprint Magazine (magazine of the UK Emergency Planning Society). It covers legislative provisions and key issues to consider in planning and response.
Download draft article. For details of how to join the Emergency Planning Society and obtain copies of Blueprint Magazine, go to http://www.emergplansoc.org.uk/

National Council on Disability, Saving Lives: Including People with Disabilities in Emergency Planning (Washington DC: National Council on Disability) 107pp.
This is a wide-ranging review, with recommendations to the US Federal Government, of the steps required to included disabled people in emergency preparedness, relief and homeland security initiatives. It covers all kinds of disaster reduction infrastructure and Federal disaster management services, as well as looking at community-based organisations. A major report with many policy and practical implications.
Download report (pdf 495kb) (also available online at www.ncd.gov/newsroom/publications/2005/pdf/saving_lives.pdf)

National Organization on Disability 2006, Report on Special Needs Assessment for Katrina Evacuees (SNAKE) Project (Washington, DC: NOD) 16pp.
Report of an assessment carried out by the US National Organization on Disability to investigate how emergency response and recovery operations after Hurricane Katrina had addressed disabled and elderly people’s needs (for a concise summary see Styron 2006, below). The assessment teams found a number of problems, which included the following. Linkages were weak between emergency shelters and agencies involved in disability and ageing, and between community groups and emergency managers. Emergency services had given little thought to disability and ageing issues. Emergency information was not available in accessible formats. Shelters were generally not fitted out for disabled people. Post-disaster interventions sometimes separated people from families and support networks, whilst others with special needs were not identified. Some disabled people were forced to abandon expensive medical equipment. There were serious concerns about long-term housing provision for people with disabilities, which was a problem even before the hurricane. Several recommendations are made.

Download document (also available online at http://www.nod.org/Resources/PDFs/katrina_snake_report.pdf or http://www.nod.org/Resources/PDFs/katrina_snake_report.doc)

National Council on Disability 2006, The Impact of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on People with Disabilities: A Look Back and Remaining Challenges
This report looks at people with disabilities’ evacuation, shelter, and recovery experiences and how these differed vastly from the experiences of people without disabilities. It calls for emergency plans to acknowledge and address the difficulties experienced by people with disabilities discussed and include them in rebuilding efforts.
Download from http://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/publications/2006/hurricanes_impact.htm

National Council on Disability 2006, The Needs of People with Psychiatric Disabilities during and after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Position Paper and Recommendations
A study which found that much pre-Katrina disaster planning did not contemplate the needs of people with psychiatric disabilities, and as a result, many people died or unnecessarily suffered severely traumatic experiences. This paper includes the a number of general recommendations, as well as various specific recommendations for emergency management officials and policymakers at the local, state and federal levels
Download from http://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/publications/2006/peopleneeds.htm

Norman A 2001, Investigating the Needs of Disabled People in Flood Warning and Response.
Interim report for an as yet unpublished MSc dissertation, currently being developed into PhD research. The topic of the MSc thesis was the problems and needs of disabled people affected by flooding, particularly the issue of flood warning time and necessary associated support. The interim report contains summary findings of a pilot study of flooding in the UK in 1998, based on interviews with disabled people, care managers and an emergency planning officer who were involved. Important communications issues are identified. There is also a useful literature review.
Download from http://online.northumbria.ac.uk/geography_research/dsp2/pilot-study-report.doc

Parr A, ‘Disasters and disabled persons: an examination of the safety needs of a neglected minority’. Disasters 11(2) 148-59 (1987)
The paper presents the findings of a study carried out in Christchurch, New Zealand, which interviewed disabled people and staff from emergency services (statutory and voluntary). The study’s findings were that many emergency personnel were unaware of disabled people and their needs and, hence, that emergency plans and systems did not take these into account. Disabled people were not involved in planning, although some had lobbied successfully to be represented. However, the project itself did raise awareness of the issue. The paper makes several recommendations and an appendix presents a preliminary classification of the disaster safety needs of a range of disabilities.

Scott, John C, ‘Disaster Early Warning and Individuals with Special Needs’. In J Zschau and AN Küppers (eds), Early Warning systems for Natural Disaster Reduction (Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 2003) pp.81-83.
A short but very useful paper identifying methods and technologies for assisting disabled people to respond to warnings. It is based on experiences in the USA but the general principles outlined are relevant in any context.

SEEDS 2001, ‘Report on Women, Children, Aged and Challenged in Disasters (New Delhi: Government of India High Powered Committee on Disaster Management) 64pp.
The final section of this report reviews the impact of disasters on older and disabled people and makes detailed recommendations for improved practice in all areas of disaster management (preparedness-relief-rehabilitation). It is aimed primarily at government agencies but many of the recommendations are applicable to all care givers. The recommendations appear to draw heavily on US guidance and experience.
Download report pdf 513kb

Styron H 2006, ‘Disability and Aging Populations: Katrina’s Lessons for the Future’. Natural Hazards Observer XXX(3): 6-8 (January)
A short but informative summary of an assessment carried out by the US National Organization on Disability to investigate how emergency response and recovery operations after Hurricane Katrina had addressed disabled and elderly people’s needs. (The full report is also reproduced on this web page: National Organization on Disability 2006). Available online at http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/o/jan06/jan06c2.html or http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/o/jan06/jan06.pdf

Tierney, Kathleen j, William J Petak, Harlan Hahn, Disabled Persons & Earthquake Hazards (Boulder: University of Colorado Institute of Behavioural Science, Program on Environment and Behaviour Monograph #46, 1988) vii+155pp.
One of the most substantial studies of disability and disasters carried out to date, based on field research in the greater Los Angeles area, California, USA. Starts with an overview of the growth in the number of disabled people in the USA, and a review of different concepts and models in the study of disability. Goes on to look in detail at the demography and epidemiology of disability, distribution of disabled people in the greater Los Angeles area, health and safety risks faced by them in earthquakes, probable effects of earthquake damage on disabled people’s ability to engage in coping activities, and emergency preparedness and response measures to assist them.
Not available online, but can be ordered from the Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center (go to http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/monographs/ for details).

US Fire Administration Fire Risks series

Wisner, Ben, 'Disability and Disaster: Victimhood and Agency in Earthquake Risk Reduction'. In C Rodrigue and E Rovai (eds), Earthquakes (London: Routledge, in press).
This thought-provoking chapter explores the relationship between disability and disasters. It explains how disabled people are vulnerable, surveys current emergency management approaches to disability, and discusses ways of involving disabled people more fully in emergency preparedness planning. Refers to a number of initiatives and publications. Read the draft chapter at
http://www.radixonline.org/disability2.html

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, Disabilities among Refugees and Conflict-affected Populations (2008) 32pp.
Operational guidelines for field workers covering provision of services, protection and other issues concerning displaced people with disabilities. Based on a study by the Commission (see Research, Reports and Discussions)

Download document (also available online at www.womenscommission.org)

Working Conference on Emergency Management and Individuals with Disabilities and the Elderly
June 28 to June 30, 2006, Washington, D.C.
Transcripts of discussions and presentations from a conference jointly sponsored by the U.S. Departments of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Homeland Security (DHS). Its purpose was to bring together Governor-appointed State teams to connect State emergency management officials with key disability and aging experts to work toward integration of efforts within their jurisdiction’s emergency management framework; to facilitate cooperative planning with senior officials of the Federal Emergency Management Agency regions; and to identify and institute measurable outcomes and systems for tracking results. The presentations and discussions covered a range of practical and policy issues.
http://www.add-em-conf.com/

DISASTERS AS CAUSE OF DISABILITY

Chatterjee, Patralekha, ‘Kutch, Gujarat: one year after the Gujarat earthquake’. The Lancet Vol.359 No.9303 (26 January 2002) p.327.
News article drawing attention to the number of people made disabled by the 2001 Kutch earthquake, and the limited capacity of local institutions to assist their rehabilitation.

Ferrare, Elisabeth, Bénédicte Feron, Nathalie Laidler, Philippe Autier, ‘Physical Sequelae after the 1988 Earthquake in Armenia’. 5pp.
Draft paper (published subsequently?) presenting findings of a study carried out in Leninakan in 1990 which identified and analysed deaths and injuries caused by the 1988 earthquake.
Download paper.

Holian AC, Keith PP 1998, ‘Orthopaedic surgery after the Aitape tsunami’. Medical Journal of Australia 169: 606-609
First-hand account of medical response (surgery and physiotherapy) to injuries caused by a tsunami in Papua New Guinea, written by members of a joint task force deployed by the Australian Defence Force to assist local emergency services.
Download from www.mja.com.au/public/issues/xmas98/holian/holian.html

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